What is the HMPV Virus?

Few outbreaks redefine our perspective on life, and for this generation and the ones to come, the COVID pandemic became a turning point. Years have passed since the pandemic faded from memory, though now another virus is knocking on the nation’s door—the human metapneumovirus (HMPV). However, the question remains: Is it just another seasonal outbreak or a new cause for concern?

HMPV (Human Metapneumovirus) is a single-stranded RNA (Ribonucleic acid) virus that can cause mild to severe illness. HMPV belongs to the Paramyxoviridae family, which is the same family as viruses like Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) and Parainfluenza Virus. HMPV is more prevalent among a few groups of people including,

• Individuals with Weakened Immunity
• Older Adults
• Children
• Individuals with Pre-existing Medical Conditions

HMPV can be transmitted by close contact with an infected person or respiratory droplets when an infected person coughs or sneezes or by touching contaminated surfaces and objects and then touching the face, specifically the nose, eyes, and mouth. Individuals infected with HMPV may experience cough, high fever, nasal congestion, sinus blockade, shortness of breath, etc.

Now coming down to the question – Is HMPV just another seasonal outbreak or a new cause of concern? 

An experienced doctor sheds light on why HMPV is unlikely to escalate into a pandemic. According to Dr Kuldeep Kumar Grover (CK Birla Hospital) an experienced pulmonologist, HMPV is unlikely to develop into a pandemic. One of the main reasons behind this is that a significant portion of the population already has some level of immunity due to prior exposure to similar viruses. Furthermore, HMPV is regarded as a less potent virus than highly contagious pathogens such as the coronavirus. Its capacity to spread quickly and create widespread outbreaks is significantly less, however, it can cause serious illness in certain groups of people like young children, the elderly, and people with weakened immune systems.

How Does HPMV Spread?

HMPV spreads through direct contact with bodily fluids or contaminated surfaces and is more likely to spread in crowded places like schools, malls, shopping centers, etc. Listed below are the different ways that the human metapneumovirus spreads.

• Respiratory Droplets:

  Spreads when an infected person coughs, sneezes, or talks, tiny droplets carrying the virus travel through the air and can be inhaled by others.

• Contaminated Surface:

  Individuals may contract the virus if they touch a contaminated surface and then touch their face because the virus can survive on surfaces and objects for a short time.

• Close Contact:

  Direct contact with an infected person such as touching, handshake, etc can transmit the virus.

What are the Symptoms of HPMV Virus Infection?

The respiratory virus has recently drawn attention because of its growing prevalence and effects, particularly in the vulnerable group i.e. children, elderly, and those with weakened immune systems. Even though the symptoms are currently mild they could get worse. Among the typical symptoms are the following:

Diagnosis of HPMV Virus Infection

HMPV can be diagnosed by a pulmonologist through physical examination based on the symptoms and health history. The physical examination involves taking a sample from the nose or throat through a swab. 

A lab tests the sample for viruses and other infections. Further, if the symptoms are severe the pulmonologist may recommend certain tests to check for abnormalities:

• Bronchoscopy: To examine the inside of the lungs.
• Chest X-ray: To look for changes in the airways.
• PCR Test: Identifies the virus’s RNA in respiratory samples.
• Antigen Detection: Rapid tests to detect HMPV proteins in respiratory secretions.

Early detection and the right treatment of HMPV reduce the risk of severe complications in vulnerable populations.

What are the Treatment Options for HPMV?

As of now, there are no antiviral treatments or vaccines available for human metapneumovirus (HMPV). However, the vast majority of reported cases are mild infections that don’t necessitate hospitalisation, though if the symptoms persist for over 3 to 4 days, it is recommended to consult the doctor. Relieving symptoms and aiding the body in its defence against the infection are the main goals of treatment. The key strategies are listed below.

• Hydration

  Ensure adequate fluid intake to prevent dehydration, especially during fever or reduced appetite. IV fluids can also be used to maintain hydration and fluids can be directly delivered to your vein (IV).

• Symptom Management

  Use ibuprofen or other medications to treat symptoms like fever or pain and use nasal sprays to clear up congestion in the nose.

• Oxygen Therapy

  Oxygen therapy is recommended for patients who have issues breathing. Oxygen may be provided through a tube in the nose or a mask on your face.

• Prescribed Medication

  Prescribed medicines and steroids can help reduce inflammation and might ease some of the symptoms.

What are the Preventive Measures against HPMV?

We can prevent or lower the risk of HMPV in a number of ways including,

• Frequently washing hands with soap and water or alcohol-based hand sanitizer.
• Cover your nose and mouth properly when you sneeze.
• Wear a mask when you feel mild symptoms are developing.
• Avoid touching your face, specifically your eyes, nose, and mouth.
• Disinfect commonly touched surfaces regularly.
• Avoid close contact with sick individuals or individuals with symptoms and high-risk groups.
• Limit exposure to crowded settings like malls, restaurants, etc.

FAQs

What is the HPMV virus?

HMPV (Human Metapneumovirus) is a single-stranded RNA (Ribonucleic acid) virus that can cause mild to severe illness. HMPV belongs to the Paramyxoviridae family, which is the same family as viruses like Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) and Parainfluenza Virus.

What are HMPV virus symptoms?

HMPV can have mild to severe symptoms, mild symptoms include cough, nasal congestion or runny nose, sinus blockage, sore throat, high fever, and fatigue. While severe symptoms include shortness of breath or difficulty breathing, wheezing, chest tightness, severe cough, etc.

Is HMPV in India?

Yes, human metapneumovirus (HMPV) is present in India. However, the number of cases is low.