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Other Gastric Diseases

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Portal Hypertension

Portal hypertension is characterised by increased blood pressure in the portal vein and other veins of the portal venous system. The portal venous system is a collection of veins functioning to carry the blood from the abdomen to the liver, and kidneys. The portal vein serves as the main blood vessel in the portal venous system.
When the portal vein's regular blood circulation is interrupted by obstructions, blockages, blood clots, infections, etc., it leads to higher pressure in the portal vein and the entire portal venous system, which in turn impacts other veins, resulting in enlarged, stretched, and weakened veins, and also leak fluids into the abdomen. The signs of portal hypertension only become distinct once complications start to arise. Common symptoms may include blood in the stool, leg swelling, bloating, and other related conditions.

The common causes of portal hypertension include,
  • Liver Cirrhosis (Scarring of the liver)
  • Blood Clots in the Portal Vein
  • Granulomas (Inflammatory cells obstructing the venous system)
  • Infections/Chronic Infections

Re-operational/Revision Surgery

You might have wondered why to undergo another surgery following previous surgeries. You had hoped that the surgery would be the ultimate solution. Nobody desires to undergo a second procedure for a problem that should have been addressed during the initial surgery, but not everything goes as planned, and various complications & surgeries may necessitate revision surgery such as joint replacement, bariatric surgery, hernia repair, hip dislocation, knee replacement, scar revision, etc.
Revision surgery, also known as re-operative surgery, is a procedure performed to address issues and changes that may arise after an initial surgery and require correction, improvement, or adjustments.

Why a revision/re-operation surgery is required?

- For cosmetic and functional Improvements in surgeries like joint replacement, and plastic surgery.
- To address complications with the initial surgery, i.e. infections, slow healing, etc.
- In order to fully resolve the issue that was not resolved during the initial surgery.

Enterocutaneous Fistulas

It is a condition where the intestine or stomach abnormally connects with the skin, causing digestive fluids and other contents of the stomach or intestine to leak through the skin, and resulting in a fistula opening. Enterocutaneous fistulas are often caused by factors such as bowel surgeries, inflammatory bowel disease, peptic ulcers, abdominal trauma, and more.
Enterocutaneous fistulas result in the leakage of intestinal and stomach contents, leading to potential effects such as dehydration, malnutrition, and diarrhoea. Diagnosing enterocutaneous fistulas involves different tests like a CT scan, esophagram, and fistulogram. Treating enterocutaneous fistulas usually requires surgical closure of the fistula.

Weight Loss (Bariatric) Surgery

You may have probably heard about weight loss surgery and have pondered its purpose and effectiveness in managing weight.
Weight loss surgery, or bariatric surgery, is a highly effective treatment designed to help individuals with severe obesity lose weight. Severe obesity or Class III obesity is a state in which individuals are unable to lose weight despite dietary and lifestyle changes.
Bariatric surgery is a type of minimally invasive surgery that can assist in changing the amount of food consumed or the body's ability to absorb calories and fat. There are different types of bariatric surgery, including:
Gastric Sleeve: This type of surgery involves removing about 80% of the stomach and leaving behind a small tube-shaped stomach-like sleeve. It helps with the reduction in the amount of food intake.
Gastric Bypass: Also called roux-en-Y gastric bypass, this procedure involves changing the size of the stomach by making it smaller and bypassing a section of the small intestine. This method helps limit food intake and decrease the absorption of calories.
Biliopancreatic Diversion with Duodenal Switch (BPD/DS): This procedure involves combining gastric sleeves: removing the majority of the stomach and bypassing most of the small intestine. This procedure helps with limiting food intake and reducing calorie, and nutrient absorption.

Neoplasms of the Stomach, Duodenal, Pancreas & Biliary Tract

Neoplasms are abnormal tissue growths that can either be benign (noncancerous and non-spreading) or malignant (cancerous and spreading to other areas). The stomach, duodenum, pancreas, and biliary tract are components of the digestive system and play an essential role in food digestion, nutrient absorption, and waste disposal.
  • Stomach Neoplasms: It is a condition where abnormal tissues start to develop in the stomach. Stomach neoplasms can be benign or malignant. Symptoms of stomach neoplasms include stomach pain, blood in stool, constipation, and indigestion. Identification of stomach tumours includes using endoscopes, imaging tests, and biopsies. Treatment of stomach neoplasms includes surgery, chemotherapy, etc.
  • Duodenal Neoplasms: Duodenum is the initial section of the small intestine. Duodenal neoplasms are characterised by the growth of tumours, which can be either benign or malignant, on the duodenum. Duodenal tumours cause symptoms such as abdominal pain, weight loss, fatigue, jaundice, and other associated issues.
  • Pancreatic Neoplasms: Pancreas is a vital part of the digestive system responsible for digestion and blood sugar regulation. Pancreatic neoplasms are conditions where abnormal tissues start to develop in the pancreas affecting its normal functioning. Pancreatic neoplasms are related to smoking, heavy alcohol consumption, obesity, genetics, etc.
  • Biliary Tract Neoplasms: This refers to the abnormal development of tumours in the biliary system, such as the bile duct and gallbladder. The tumours can be either cancerous or noncancerous. Symptoms of biliary tract neoplasms may consist of upper abdominal pain, unexplained weight loss, jaundice, and dark urine. Diagnostic methods for these neoplasms include ultrasound, CT scan, blood tests, and biopsy.

Treatment of Stomach Ulcers

Esophageal illustration

Diverticular Disease of the Colon

The colon - commonly called the large intestine is a vital part of the digestive system and plays a key role in breaking down food, absorbing nutrients, and managing and storing waste. The colon is located below the stomach. Diverticular disease is a condition where small pouches called diverticula develop in the colon/large intestine. It is typically caused by factors such as a diet low in fibre, age, obesity, etc. Diverticular disease of the colon is of two types:
  • Diverticulosis: A condition where small pouches form on the colon wall.
  • Diverticulitis: The pouches on the colon wall become infected or inflamed.

Abdominal Masses

The abdominal region houses various organs like the stomach, pancreas, intestines, liver, gallbladder, and more. Abdominal masses are abnormal growths/lumps or swelling within the abdominal area. These swelling and lumps are caused by cysts, fibroids, inflammation, enlarged organs, cancer, gallbladder tumours, and other associated issues.
Typical signs of abdominal masses include changes in bowel movements, a noticeable bump, bloating, and abdominal discomfort. Abdominal masses can be identified through imaging examinations such as ultrasound, MRI, CT scans, and blood tests, as well as biopsies. 

Treatment of abdominal masses depends upon the cause of the mass:

Treatment Type

Purpose

Medication

Inflammation & infections

Surgery

Removal of tumours & cysts

Cancer Treatment

For malignant masses, chemotherapy

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